1. FOLLOW-THE-SUN ADAPTIVE-MESH GRID
Assumptions:
• Round-the-world wavelength ring
• Considered example: Grid of 5 fiber-optics connected zero-emission Data Centers (DCs):
– 4 solar-powered Data Centers (DCs) at 24/4 = 6 hour of time zone difference apart
(e.g. Europe/Africa, Americas, Asia-Pac, ME);
– 1 always-on (e.g. wind and/or geothermal powered, electric grid connected) DC
• Network connectivity and data center access required at all time zones continuously
• However, only two of the data centers need to be active at any time
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2. EXAMPE NETWORK DIAGRAM (1) LEGEND
IM 2 x 10Gbps Access
ITN Interface Module
4 solar-powered DCs do (at least)
24/4 = 6 hour shifts e.g. 9am-3pm Data center Customer Access
Data center at their local time zones, for Asia-Pac Router
Americas shortest network latencies during 40 Gbps Wavelength
busiest business hours 10 Gbps Access PPP
IM IM
IM
IM
Adaptive-Mesh Grid (A-M) IM
IM
IM
IM
IM IM
Always- ME
Europe/ Data center
on
Africa
Data center
Data center
• A-M ring section provides a dynamically channelized network bus (STS-192 for
10Gbps DC access link) for each egress access port on the local half-ring for
transport of data from sources along the bus to the given destination port
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3. EXAMPE NETWORK DIAGRAM (2) LEGEND
IM 2 x 10Gbps Access
ITN Interface Module
4 solar-powered DCs do (at least)
24/4 = 6 hour shifts e.g. 9am-3pm Data center Customer Access
Data center at their local time zones, for Asia-Pac Router
Americas shortest network latencies during 40 Gbps Wavelength
busiest business hours 10 Gbps Access PPP
IM IM
IM
IM
Adaptive-Mesh Grid (A-M) IM
IM
IM
IM
IM IM
Always- ME
Europe/ Data center
on
Africa
Data center
Data center
• At any given ring section, such a bus is needed per each destination data center
on local half ring
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4. EXAMPE NETWORK DIAGRAM (3) LEGEND
IM 2 x 10Gbps Access
ITN Interface Module
4 solar-powered DCs do (at least)
24/4 = 6 hour shifts e.g. 9am-3pm Data center Customer Access
Data center at their local time zones, for Asia-Pac Router
Americas shortest network latencies during 40 Gbps Wavelength
busiest business hours 10 Gbps Access PPP
IM IM
IM
IM
Adaptive-Mesh Grid (A-M) IM
IM
IM
IM
IM IM
Always- ME
Europe/ Data center
on
Africa
Data center
Data center
• Case of 2 destination DCs per half-ring:
 2 (10Gbps) network buses needed on each A-M ring section per each direction
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5. EXAMPE NETWORK DIAGRAM (4) LEGEND
IM 2 x 10Gbps Access
ITN Interface Module
4 solar-powered DCs do (at least)
24/4 = 6 hour shifts e.g. 9am-3pm Data center Customer Access
Data center at their local time zones, for Asia-Pac Router
Americas shortest network latencies during 40 Gbps Wavelength
busiest business hours 10 Gbps Access PPP
IM IM
IM
IM
Adaptive-Mesh Grid (A-M) IM
IM
IM
IM
IM IM
Always- ME
Europe/ Data center
on
Africa
Data center
Data center
• With entire network doubled, the buses of A-M consume in total 2 x 2 x 10Gbps = 40Gbps of
ring capacity, i.e., a single 40G wavelength suffices
• Conventionally, for equal performance (single packet hop) network connectivity, 10G
wavelength loop needed per each of the 20 10Gbps access ports, for a total of twenty
wavelength loops required on the fiber ring, plus 200Gbps of packet switch capacity
 Adaptive L1 channelization of A-M grid can reduce network capacity costs by factor of 20:1
© Optimum Communications Services, Inc. All rights reserved. 5

6. FOLLOW-THE-SUN OPERATION (1) LEGEND
IM 2 x 10Gbps Access
Each dynamically channelized bus, ITN Interface Module
Adaptive-Concatenation Multiplexer Data center Customer Access
Data center Bus (AMB), automatically optimizes Asia-Pac Router
Americas its L1 capacity allocation among its 40 Gbps Wavelength
sources according to realtime traffic 10 Gbps Access PPP
load variations
IM IM
IM
IM
Adaptive-Mesh Grid (A-M) IM
IM
IM
IM
IM IM
Always- ME
Europe/ Data center
on
Africa
Data center
Data center
1) At 9am, solar-powered DC becomes the active DC for new requests, and gets latest
process data from the always-on DC
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7. FOLLOW-THE-SUN OPERATION (2) LEGEND
IM 2 x 10Gbps Access
Each dynamically channelized bus, ITN Interface Module
Adaptive-Concatenation Multiplexer Data center Customer Access
Data center Bus (AMB), automatically optimizes Asia-Pac Router
Americas its L1 capacity allocation among its 40 Gbps Wavelength
sources according to realtime traffic 10 Gbps Access PPP
load variations
IM IM
IM
IM
Adaptive-Mesh Grid (A-M) IM
IM
IM
IM
IM IM
Always- ME
Europe/ Data center
on
Africa
Data center
Data center
2) At 3pm, DC stops taking new jobs (which are directed to solar powered DC at -6hr), backs
up its data and transfers any remaining processes to always-on DC. AMBs to that
destination allocate their capacity to the source IMs at the 3pm DC, for 40Gbps transfer
© Optimum Communications Services, Inc. All rights reserved. 7

8. FOLLOW-THE-SUN OPERATION (3) LEGEND
IM 2 x 10Gbps Access
Each dynamically channelized bus, ITN Interface Module
Adaptive-Concatenation Multiplexer Data center Customer Access
Data center Bus (AMB), automatically optimizes Asia-Pac Router
Americas its L1 capacity allocation among its 40 Gbps Wavelength
sources according to realtime traffic 10 Gbps Access PPP
load variations
IM IM
IM
IM
Adaptive-Mesh Grid (A-M) IM
IM
IM
IM
IM IM
Always- ME
Europe/ Data center
on
Africa
Data center
Data center
3) Outside 9am-3pm from any given time zone, processes get directed to either the current
active solar-powered DC or the always-on DC, depending on the distances and the
respective loads
© Optimum Communications Services, Inc. All rights reserved. 8

9. FOLLOW-THE-SUN OPERATION (4) LEGEND
IM 2 x 10Gbps Access
Each dynamically channelized bus, ITN Interface Module
Adaptive-Concatenation Multiplexer Data center Customer Access
Data center Bus (AMB), automatically optimizes Asia-Pac Router
Americas its L1 capacity allocation among its 40 Gbps Wavelength
sources according to realtime traffic 10 Gbps Access PPP
load variations
IM IM
IM
IM
Adaptive-Mesh Grid (A-M) IM
IM
IM
IM
IM IM
Always- ME
Europe/ Data center
on
Africa
Data center
Data center
 A-M optimizes network capacity allocation automatically according to data load
variations, without external signaling/control
© Optimum Communications Services, Inc. All rights reserved. 9

10. DATA CENTER / ACCESS SITE LEGEND
IM 2 x 10Gbps Access
ITN Interface Module
Customer Access
Router
40 Gbps Wavelength
10 Gbps Access PPP
Adaptive-Mesh Grid (A-M) IM
IM
IM IM
Data Center Server Farm
User access network Can be located out of
reach of electric grid,
Always-on / powered on Client layer techniques as is solar/wind/geothermal
when users desire (e.g. GMPLS etc.) can powered
be used to form (semi-
dynamically) the PPP
links between the DCs
and routers (incl.
through the
transparent A-M grid)
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11. BENEFITS (1)
• To provide equal network connectivity (i.e. non-oversubscribed full mesh
connectivity among the 5 sites with total of 20 10Gbps access points)
conventionally would require 20 wavelength loops on the global fiber ring --
instead of just one that suffices for A-M -- plus doubled 200Gbps core
router/switch I/O capacity, which can be eliminated with A-M
 A-M considerably reduces the materials and electric power needed for the
network
 A-M reduces cost base for the network by 20:1, making the near-zero-emission
data center grid economically viable
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12. BENEFITS (2)
• Hardware-automated, automatic network capacity allocation optimization
process
– programmable logic allows flexible yet straightforward hardware
automated control plane, rather than multi-layer distributed software
implementation involving complex signaling, middleware etc.
 Deterministic, reliable operation required by service providers and enterprises
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13. BENEFITS (3)
• Total 24h (always-on DC) + 4x6h (the 4 day-shift DCs) = 2x24 powered-on DC
hours, vs. 5x24h that would conventionally be required
 5:2 reduction in electricity demand, without significant performance trade-off
(and none during peak business hours)
 Solar and wind powered IT grids made a technically and commercially sound
reality
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14. BACKUP SLIDES:
Adaptive-Concatenation Mux Bus -- the basic construct for
Adaptive-Mesh grid networks
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15. AUTOMATIC NETWORK OPTIMIZATION
• Adaptive-Concatenation of STS-X timeslots for always-optimized mesh connectivity:
 L1 capacity allocation optimization according to traffic load variations
 realtime-dynamic
 automatic
 transparent
 overhead-free
• Demonstrably achieves:
 maximized bandwidth efficiency
 QoS of direct circuit:
minimized delay, jitter, packet loss free transport
 architecturally minimized packet processing requirements via dynamic L1 by-pass
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16. Source STS-X Source AMBs repeated for
Adaptive
node AC circuit node every node to form
Adaptive-Mesh;
bandwidth L1:
each node both
. . . source and
destination
 Maximized
bandwidth utilization
Adaptive Concatenation Mux Bus (AMB): AND
• Capacity M STS-1 TSs, to match destination node RX capacity Dest.
• M STS-1 TSs dynamically allocated among the source-specific node  Premium QoS
Adaptive Concatenated (AC) STS-X circuits based on actual
L1 circuit
transport:
Direct STS-X L1 circuits • Minimized jitter
from each source to and delay
destination through any • Packet loss free
Source . . . Source Source number of
intermediate nodes
transmission
node node node
• Allocation of timeslots among the AMB sources optimized for every new STS row based on byte inflows from
the sources to the destination of the AMB:
– 72000 optimization cycles/second; capacity allocation unit ~ the size of min. length L2 packet
 Continuously optimized L1 bandwidth allocation on individual packet / STS-1 row timeslot basis
• AMBs continuously maximize network traffic throughput, within the constraints of their destination (customer)
node RX capacities (e.g. STS-192 AMB for 10Gbps destination RX port):
 AMBs consume minimum network capacity sufficient to maximize utilization of network egress interfaces
 Maximized difference between revenue (throughput) and cost (capacity); maximized network profitability.

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